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Test Papers of Class 12 BiologyIndian Education system primarily consists of two parts one being studying the subjects and the other one is appearing for exams and tests. All these exams are conducted by schools for various classes to gauge how much the students have understood , learned and what is their capability score in any particular subject. But sometimes even after understanding the topics fully there are chances the students don’t do well in exams because of lack of preparation from the examination perspective. The reason being that one needs to prepare for exams in a particular way and for that previous question papers, sample papers, worksheets and unit test papers play a major role.
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Orientation and Recapitulation: Discussion on importance of Biology, scope of Biology and other topics of interest.
Unit-VI Reproduction
Chapter-1: Reproduction in Organism
Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; modes of reproduction- asexual and sexual reproduction; asexual reproduction - Binary fission, Sporulation, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.
Chapter-2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination - types, agencies and examples; outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events - development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes- apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.
Chapter-3: Human Reproduction
Male and female reproductive systems microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis - spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea);parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea).
Practical 1: Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects,birds).
Practical 2: Controlled pollination -emasculation, tagging and bagging.
Practical 3: Study pollen germination on a slide.
Chapter-4: Reproductive Health
Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control - need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).
Practical 1: Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice).
Practical 2: T.S. of blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian).
Revision Test from Unit VI Reproduction
Project: Investigatory Project (on any topic of interest) during summer vacations
SUMMER VACATIONS
Unit-VII Genetics and Evolution
Chapter-5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co- dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; Sex determination - in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans - thalassemia;chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes.
Chapter-6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation -lacoperon; genome and human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.
Chapter-7: Evolution
Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy - Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution.
Practical 1: Mendelianinheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant.
Practical 2: Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colour blindness.
Practical 3: Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
Practical 4: Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
Revision and Test from UNIT-VII(GENETICS AND EVOLUTION)
Unit-VIII Biology and Human Welfare
Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases
Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chickengunia, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basic concepts of immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence -drug and alcohol abuse.
Chapter-9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein,Biofortification, Apiculture and Animal husbandry.
Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare
In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as biocontrol agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use.
Practical 1: Common disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, any fungus causing ringworm through permanent slides or specimens. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause. 2. Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in xeric conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
Revision and Test from UNIT-VIII(Biology in Human Welfare)
Unit-IX Biotechnology and Its Applications
Chapter-11: Biotechnology - Principles and processes
Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).
Chapter-12: Biotechnology and its Application
Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms - Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues, bio piracy and patents.
Practical 1:Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, etc.
Revision and Test from Unit-IX(Biotechnology)
Unit-X: Ecology and Environment
Chapter-13: Organisms and Populations
Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche, population and ecological adaptations; population interactions - mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes - growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution
Chapter-14: Ecosystem
Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous); ecological succession; ecological services carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release (in brief).
Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation
Biodiversity-Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.
Practicals 1: Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture content, pH and water holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them.
Practicals 2:Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organism.
Chapter-16: Environmental Issues
Air pollution and its control; water pollution and its control; agrochemicals and their effects; solid wastemanagement; radioactive waste management; greenhouse effect and climate change impact and mitigation; ozone layer depletion; deforestation; any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s).
Revision and Test from UNIT-X Ecology(Chapter 13-16)
Practicals 1: Study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at two widely different sites.
Practical 2: Study the plant population density by quadrat method.
Practical 3: Study the plant population frequency by quadrat method.
Practical 4: Study the effect of different temperatures and three different pH on the activity of salivary amylase on starch.
Practical 5: Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
PROJECT: Submission of Project Report
Revision of Unit -VI to X andrelated practicals
Common Pre- Board Examination
REVISION AND BOARD'S PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
Biology Question Paper Design
Remembering-(Knowledge based Simple recall questions, to know specific facts, terms, concepts, principles, or theories, identity, define or recite, information)
Number of Questions Asked that are Very Short Answer type Questions = 2
Number of Questions Asked that are Short Answer Type Questions = 2
Number of Questions Asked that are Long Answer Type Questions = 0
Total Marks = 7
Total Weightage = 10%
Understanding-(Comprehension - To be familiar with meaning and to understand conceptually, interpret, compare, contrast, explain, paraphrase information)
Number of Questions Asked that are Very Short Answer type Questions = 0
Number of Questions Asked that are Short Answer Type Questions = 6
Number of Questions Asked that are Long Answer Type Questions = 1
Total Marks = 21
Total Weightage = 30%
Application (Use abstract information in concrete situation, to apply knowledge to new situations. Use given content to interpret a situation, provide and example, or solve a problem)
Number of Questions Asked that are Very Short Answer type Questions = 0
Number of Questions Asked that are Short Answer Type Questions = 6
Number of Questions Asked that are Long Answer Type Questions = 1
Total Marks = 21
Total Weightage = 30%
Evaluating & Analysis - (Classify, Compare, Contrast, or differentiate between different pieces of information, Organize and/or integrate unique pieces of information from a variety of sources)
Number of Questions Asked that are Very Short Answer type Questions = 2
Number of Questions Asked that are Short Answer Type Questions = 2
Number of Questions Asked that are Long Answer Type Questions = 1
Total Marks = 12
Total Weightage = 17%
Creating - (Appraise, judge, and/or justify the value or worth of a decision or outcome, or to predict outcomes based on values)
Number of Questions Asked that are Very Short Answer type Questions = 1
Number of Questions Asked that are Short Answer Type Questions = 3
Number of Questions Asked that are Long Answer Type Questions = 0
Total Marks = 9
Total Weightage = 13%